Giza Pyramids

The Great Pyramid is the largest of the three principal Giza pyramids and the only surviving member of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The three principal pyramids are attributed to the Fourth Dynasty pharaohs Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, and conventional Egyptology dates their construction to roughly 2600–2500 BC. That attribution rests on a substantial documentary and archaeological record: quarry marks, workers’ settlements, administrative papyri describing the transport of stone, and the broader funerary context of the Giza plateau. The mainstream account of who built them, and broadly when, is well supported, and we record it as the documented baseline.

Around that baseline a large body of contested claim has accumulated — on the precision of the alignment to the cardinal points, on methods of construction, on supposed acoustic or mathematical properties, and on far older or non-human origins. Some of these questions are legitimate and unresolved within Egyptology; others go well beyond the evidence.

Our task here is to keep the two apart. We catalogue what is securely documented about the complex, note where genuine scholarly uncertainty remains, and identify where a claim departs from the record. Where conventional explanation accounts for an observation, we say so; where a question is genuinely open, we say that too, and cite the trail behind each entry.